General Information of the Drug (ID: M6ADRUG0047)
Name
Cisplatin
Synonyms
Abiplatin; Biocisplatinum; Briplatin; Cismaplat; Cisplatine; Cisplatino; Cisplatinum; Cisplatyl; Citoplationo; Lederplatin; Neoplatin; Plastin; Platamine; Platidiam; Platinoxan; Randa; Cis-DDP; Cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum; Peyrone's chloride; Peyrone's salt; Cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II); Cis-[PtCl2(NH3)2]; Cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II); Trans-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II); (SP-4-1)-diamminedichloridoplatinum; (SP-4-1)-diamminedichloroplatinum; (SP-4-2)-diamminedichloridoplatinum; (SP-4-2)-diamminedichloroplatinum; Cisplatin (Chemotherapy)
    Click to Show/Hide
Status Approved [1]
Structure
3D MOL
Formula
Cl2H6N2Pt
InChI
InChI=1S/2ClH.2H3N.Pt/h2*1H;2*1H3;/q;;;;+2/p-2
InChIKey
LXZZYRPGZAFOLE-UHFFFAOYSA-L
PubChem CID
5702198
TTD Drug ID
D0U5HU
DrugBank ID
DB00515
Full List of m6A Targets Related to This Drug
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [2]
Response Summary YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation through regulating the translational efficiency of CDK2, CDK4, p27, and cyclin D1, and that YTHDF1 depletion restrains de novo lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) progression. Mechanistic studies identified the Keap1-Nrf2-Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C1 (AKR1C1) axis as the downstream mediator of YTHDF1. YTHDF1 high expression correlates with better clinical outcome, with its depletion rendering cancerous cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP) treatment.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species hsa05208
Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Biological regulation
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
A549-DDP (Human lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to cisplatin)
GLC-82 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3371
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H1975 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1511
HEK293T Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_0063
NCI-H1650 Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1483
NCI-H838 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1594
SPC-A1 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6955
In-vivo Model Mice were treated via nasal inhalation of adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (5 × 106 p.f.u for Ad-Cre, Biowit Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong), and were then killed at indicated times for gross inspection and histopathological examination.
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 (ABCC9)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [3]
Response Summary TRIM11 regulates nasopharyngeal carcinoma drug resistance by positively modulating the Daple/beta-catenin/ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 9 (ABCC9) signaling pathway. TRIM11 enhanced the multidrug resistance in NPC by inhibiting apoptosis in vitro and promoting cisplatin (DDP) resistance in vivo. METTL3-mediated m6A modification caused the upregulation of TRIM11 via IGF2BP2 in NPC drug-resistant cells.
Responsed Disease Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ICD-11: 2B6B
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response ABC transporters hsa02010
Wnt signaling pathway hsa04310
Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis hsa04120
Cell Process Ubiquitination degradation
In-vitro Model CNE-1 Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_6888
CNE-2 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6889
In-vivo Model A total of 2 × 106 cells was mixed with 0.2 ml PBS (pH 7.4) and 30% (v/v) Matrigel matrix (BD Biosciences).
Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [4]
Response Summary m6A methyltransferase METTL3 regulates autophagy and sensitivity to cisplatin by targeting Autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) in seminoma. The use of autophagy inhibitors 3-MA could reverse the protective effect of METTL3 on TCam-2 cells.
Responsed Disease Testicular cancer ICD-11: 2C80
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Autophagy hsa04140
Cell Process Cellular Processes
Cellular Transport
Cellular catabolism
Cell autophagy
In-vitro Model Tcam-2/DDP (Cisplatin-resistant TCam-2 cell line)
TCam-2 Testicular seminoma Homo sapiens CVCL_T012
Axin-1 (AXIN1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [5]
Response Summary YTHDF2 interference could suppress the EMT of cervical cancer cells and enhance cisplatin chemosensitivity by regulating Axin-1 (AXIN1).
Responsed Disease Cervical cancer ICD-11: 2C77
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 2 (YTHDF2) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Wnt signaling pathway hsa04310
Cell Process Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
In-vitro Model SiHa Cervical squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0032
HeLa Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0030
Ect1/E6E7 Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_3679
Ca Ski Cervical squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1100
C-33 A Cervical squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1094
Casein kinase II subunit alpha' (CSNK2A2)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [6]
Response Summary knockdown of ALKBH5 promoted bladder cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and decreased cisplatin chemosensitivity, ALKBH5 inhibited the progression and sensitized bladder cancer cells to cisplatin through a Casein kinase II subunit alpha' (CSNK2A2)-mediated glycolysis pathway in an m6A-dependent manner.
Responsed Disease Bladder cancer ICD-11: 2C94
Target Regulator RNA demethylase ALKBH5 (ALKBH5) ERASER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response Metabolic pathways hsa01100
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis hsa00010)
Cell Process Glycolysis
In-vitro Model UM-UC-3 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1783
T24 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0554
SV-HUC-1 Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_3798
J82 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0359
253J Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_7935
5637 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0126
Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53/p53)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [7]
Response Summary Meclofenamic acid increased Cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53/p53) mRNA and protein levels in AKI both in vitro and in vivo, and FTO overexpression reduced p53 expression and reversed the MA-induced p53 increase in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury Acute kidney injury.
Responsed Disease Acute kidney failure ICD-11: GB60
Target Regulator Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) ERASER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response Apoptosis hsa04210
Cell Process Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model HK2 Normal Acipenser baerii CVCL_YE28
In-vivo Model Induced AKI in c57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal cisplatin injection and treated the animal with vehicle or an FTO inhibitor meclofenamic acid (MA) for 3 days.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [2]
Response Summary YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation through regulating the translational efficiency of Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, p27, and cyclin D1, and that YTHDF1 depletion restrains de novo lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) progression. Mechanistic studies identified the Keap1-Nrf2-AKR1C1 axis as the downstream mediator of YTHDF1. YTHDF1 high expression correlates with better clinical outcome, with its depletion rendering cancerous cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP) treatment.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species hsa05208
Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Biological regulation
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
A549-DDP (Human lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to cisplatin)
GLC-82 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3371
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H1975 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1511
HEK293T Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_0063
NCI-H1650 Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1483
NCI-H838 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1594
SPC-A1 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6955
In-vivo Model Mice were treated via nasal inhalation of adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (5 × 106 p.f.u for Ad-Cre, Biowit Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong), and were then killed at indicated times for gross inspection and histopathological examination.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [2]
Response Summary YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation through regulating the translational efficiency of CDK2, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), p27, and cyclin D1, and that YTHDF1 depletion restrains de novo lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) progression. Mechanistic studies identified the Keap1-Nrf2-AKR1C1 axis as the downstream mediator of YTHDF1. YTHDF1 high expression correlates with better clinical outcome, with its depletion rendering cancerous cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP) treatment.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species hsa05208
Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Biological regulation
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
A549-DDP (Human lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to cisplatin)
GLC-82 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3371
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H1975 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1511
HEK293T Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_0063
NCI-H1650 Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1483
NCI-H838 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1594
SPC-A1 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6955
In-vivo Model Mice were treated via nasal inhalation of adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (5 × 106 p.f.u for Ad-Cre, Biowit Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong), and were then killed at indicated times for gross inspection and histopathological examination.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B/p27)
In total 2 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [8]
Response Summary The role of YTHDF2 in tumourigenesis and cisplatin-desensitising function by promoting the degradation of Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B/p27) mRNA in an m6 A-dependent manner. YTHDF2 exhibits tumour oncogenic and cisplatin-desensitising properties, which offer insight into the development of novel combination therapeutic strategies for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
Responsed Disease Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ICD-11: 2C12.10
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 2 (YTHDF2) READER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Cell proliferation
Arrest cell cycle at G0/G1 phase
In-vitro Model HuCC-T1 Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0324
RBE Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_4896
HCCC-9810 (The intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell lines (HCCC-9810) were purchased from Cellcook Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China).)
HIBEC (The normal intrahepatic bile duct cell line (HIBEC) were purchased from Cellcook Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China).)
In-vivo Model For tumour xenograft models, 1 × 107 HuCC-T1 cells in knockdown group or control group were implanted into the right flank of 5-week-old female nude mice. The volumes of tumour were recorded every 4 days by calliper. The volumes were calculated as length × width2/2. For patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model (PDX0075), ICC tissues from a patient, who relapsed in 6 months after R0 resection and subsequent chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine, were diced into 3 mm3 pieces and transplanted subcutaneously into the right flank of 5-week-old female B-NDG mice.
Experiment 2 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [2]
Response Summary YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation through regulating the translational efficiency of CDK2, CDK4, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B/p27), and cyclin D1, and that YTHDF1 depletion restrains de novo lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) progression. Mechanistic studies identified the Keap1-Nrf2-AKR1C1 axis as the downstream mediator of YTHDF1. YTHDF1 high expression correlates with better clinical outcome, with its depletion rendering cancerous cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP) treatment.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species hsa05208
Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Biological regulation
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
A549-DDP (Human lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to cisplatin)
GLC-82 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3371
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H1975 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1511
HEK293T Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_0063
NCI-H1650 Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1483
NCI-H838 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1594
SPC-A1 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6955
In-vivo Model Mice were treated via nasal inhalation of adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (5 × 106 p.f.u for Ad-Cre, Biowit Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong), and were then killed at indicated times for gross inspection and histopathological examination.
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3/CHOP)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [9]
Response Summary Omeprazole pretreatment could enhance the inhibitory effect of 5-Fu, DDP and TAX on gastric cancer cells. FTO inhibition induced by omeprazole enhanced the activation of mTORC1 signal pathway that inhibited the prosurvival autophagy so as to improve the antitumor efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs on GC cells. Meanwhile, transcript level of DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 protein (DDIT3), which is an apoptosis-related tumor suppressor gene downstream of mTORC1, was regulated by omeprazole-induced FTO silence through an m6A-dependent mechanism. m6A modification and its eraser FTO plays a role in the improvement of chemosensitivity mediated by proton pump inhibitor omeprazole.
Responsed Disease Gastric cancer ICD-11: 2B72
Target Regulator Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) ERASER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response mTOR signaling pathway hsa04150
Apoptosis hsa04210
Cell Process Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model AGS Gastric adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0139
HGC-27 Gastric carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1279
Double-strand break repair protein MRE11 (MRE11)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [10]
Response Summary VIRMA has an oncogenic role in germ cell tumor confirming our previous tissue-based study and is further involved in response to cisplatin by interfering with DNA repair. Enhanced response to cisplatin after VIRMA knockdown was related to significant increase in DNA damage (with higher Gamma-H2AX and GADD45B levels) and downregulation of XLF and Double-strand break repair protein MRE11 (MRE11).
Responsed Disease Germ cell tumour of testis ICD-11: 2C80.2
Target Regulator Protein virilizer homolog (VIRMA) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
In-vitro Model 2102EP Embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_C522
NCC-IT Testicular embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1451
NT2 Malignant neoplasms Mus musculus CVCL_JA57
TCam-2 Testicular seminoma Homo sapiens CVCL_T012
Dual specificity protein phosphatase 6 (DUSP6)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [11]
Response Summary m6A methyltransferase Wilms' tumor 1-associated protein facilitates cell proliferation and cisplatin resistance in NK/T cell lymphoma by regulating dual-specificity phosphatases 6 expression via m6A RNA methylation. WTAP enhanced Dual specificity protein phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) expression by increasing m6A levels of DUSP6 mRNA transcript, leading to oncogenic functions in NKTCL.
Responsed Disease Malignant haematopoietic neoplasm ICD-11: 2B33
Target Regulator Wilms tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Cell Process Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model Normal NK cells (CD3-negative lymphocytes)
SNK-6 Nasal type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma Homo sapiens CVCL_A673
YTS Lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma Homo sapiens CVCL_D324
E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM11 (TRIM11)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [3]
Response Summary TRIM11 regulates nasopharyngeal carcinoma drug resistance by positively modulating the Daple/beta-catenin/E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM11 (TRIM11) signaling pathway. TRIM11 enhanced the multidrug resistance in NPC by inhibiting apoptosis in vitro and promoting cisplatin (DDP) resistance in vivo. METTL3-mediated m6A modification caused the upregulation of TRIM11 via IGF2BP2 in NPC drug-resistant cells.
Responsed Disease Nasopharyngeal carcinoma ICD-11: 2B6B
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response ABC transporters hsa02010
Wnt signaling pathway hsa04310
Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis hsa04120
Cell Process Ubiquitination degradation
In-vitro Model CNE-1 Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_6888
CNE-2 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6889
In-vivo Model A total of 2 × 106 cells was mixed with 0.2 ml PBS (pH 7.4) and 30% (v/v) Matrigel matrix (BD Biosciences).
Fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [12]
Response Summary m6A plays an important role in cisplatin induced acute kidney injury and berberine alleviates this process. Cisplatin induced an increase in Slc12a1 protein levels and a decrease in Fibrinogen alpha chain (FGA) and Havcr1 protein levels. However, berberine pretreatment reversed these effects.
Responsed Disease Acute kidney failure ICD-11: GB60
Cell Process Metabolic processes
Cell death
Cell apoptosis
In-vivo Model This study investigated the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylome of kidneys from three mouse groups: C57 mice (controls), those with CI-AKI (injury group, IG), and those pretreated with berberine (treatment group, TG).
G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [2]
Response Summary YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation through regulating the translational efficiency of CDK2, CDK4, p27, and G1/S-specific cyclin-D1 (CCND1), and that YTHDF1 depletion restrains de novo lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) progression. Mechanistic studies identified the Keap1-Nrf2-AKR1C1 axis as the downstream mediator of YTHDF1. YTHDF1 high expression correlates with better clinical outcome, with its depletion rendering cancerous cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP) treatment.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species hsa05208
Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Biological regulation
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
A549-DDP (Human lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to cisplatin)
GLC-82 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3371
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H1975 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1511
HEK293T Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_0063
NCI-H1650 Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1483
NCI-H838 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1594
SPC-A1 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6955
In-vivo Model Mice were treated via nasal inhalation of adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (5 × 106 p.f.u for Ad-Cre, Biowit Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong), and were then killed at indicated times for gross inspection and histopathological examination.
Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [12]
Response Summary m6A plays an important role in cisplatin induced acute kidney injury and berberine alleviates this process. Cisplatin induced an increase in Slc12a1 protein levels and a decrease in FGA and Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) protein levels. However, berberine pretreatment reversed these effects.
Responsed Disease Acute kidney failure ICD-11: GB60
Cell Process Metabolic processes
Cell death
Cell apoptosis
In-vivo Model This study investigated the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylome of kidneys from three mouse groups: C57 mice (controls), those with CI-AKI (injury group, IG), and those pretreated with berberine (treatment group, TG).
Histone H2AX (H2AX)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [10]
Response Summary VIRMA has an oncogenic role in germ cell tumor confirming our previous tissue-based study and is further involved in response to cisplatin by interfering with DNA repair. Enhanced response to cisplatin after VIRMA knockdown was related to significant increase in DNA damage (with higher Histone H2AX (H2AX) and GADD45B levels) and downregulation of XLF and MRE11.
Responsed Disease Germ cell tumour of testis ICD-11: 2C80.2
Target Regulator Protein virilizer homolog (VIRMA) WRITER
Target Regulation Down regulation
In-vitro Model 2102EP Embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_C522
NCC-IT Testicular embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1451
NT2 Malignant neoplasms Mus musculus CVCL_JA57
TCam-2 Testicular seminoma Homo sapiens CVCL_T012
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [13]
Response Summary overexpression of IGFBP3 induced apoptosis and enhanced cisplatin response in vitro and confirmed that the suppression is in part by blocking Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) signaling. IGFBP3 is effective in lung cancer cells with high IGF1 signaling activity and imply that relevant biomarkers are essential in selecting lung cancer patients for IGF1-targeted therapy.
Responsed Disease Lung cancer ICD-11: 2C25
Target Regulator Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) READER
Pathway Response MAPK signaling pathway hsa04010
Cell Process Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model NCI-H460 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0459
HCC2429 Lung non-small cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_5132
In-vivo Model Paired littermates of F2 (Igfbp3+/+:KrasG12D/+ and Igfbp3-/-:KrasG12D/+) were sacrificed ranging from ages 4 to 7 months. After preliminary analysis of F2 mice, we sacrificed 5-month-old Igfbp3+/+:KrasG12D/+ and Igfbp3-/-KrasG12D/+ mice that had been backcrossed to S129 background for representative analysis. The lung tissue was immediately removed after the mice were sacrificed and visible pleural nodules were counted directly.
Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [2]
Response Summary YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation through regulating the translational efficiency of CDK2, CDK4, p27, and cyclin D1, and that YTHDF1 depletion restrains de novo lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) progression. Mechanistic studies identified the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-Nrf2-AKR1C1 axis as the downstream mediator of YTHDF1. YTHDF1 high expression correlates with better clinical outcome, with its depletion rendering cancerous cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP) treatment.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species hsa05208
Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Biological regulation
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
A549-DDP (Human lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to cisplatin)
GLC-82 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3371
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H1975 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1511
HEK293T Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_0063
NCI-H1650 Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1483
NCI-H838 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1594
SPC-A1 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6955
In-vivo Model Mice were treated via nasal inhalation of adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (5 × 106 p.f.u for Ad-Cre, Biowit Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong), and were then killed at indicated times for gross inspection and histopathological examination.
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [9]
Response Summary Omeprazole pretreatment could enhance the inhibitory effect of 5-Fu, DDP and TAX on gastric cancer cells. FTO inhibition induced by omeprazole enhanced the activation of Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signal pathway that inhibited the prosurvival autophagy so as to improve the antitumor efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs on GC cells. Meanwhile, transcript level of DDIT3, which is an apoptosis-related tumor suppressor gene downstream of mTORC1, was regulated by omeprazole-induced FTO silence through an m6A-dependent mechanism. m6A modification and its eraser FTO plays a role in the improvement of chemosensitivity mediated by proton pump inhibitor omeprazole.
Responsed Disease Gastric cancer ICD-11: 2B72
Target Regulator Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) ERASER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response mTOR signaling pathway hsa04150
Cell Process Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model AGS Gastric adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0139
HGC-27 Gastric carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1279
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [14]
Response Summary YTHDF1-promoted cisplatin resistance, contributing to overcoming chemoresistant colon cancers.
Responsed Disease Colon cancer ICD-11: 2B90
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Pathway Response Metabolic pathways hsa01100
Cell Process Glutamine metabolism
In-vitro Model LoVo Colon adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0399
HT-29 Colon adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0320
DLD-1 Colon adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0248
HCT 116 Colon carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0291
SW480 Colon adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0546
CRL-1790 (The normal colon epithelial cell line CRL-1790, were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).)
In-vivo Model Mice were injected subcutaneously with LoVo (1 × 106) cells, which were stably transfected with the control shRNA or YTHDF1 shRNA.
Negative growth regulatory protein MyD118 (GADD45B)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [10]
Response Summary VIRMA has an oncogenic role in germ cell tumor confirming our previous tissue-based study and is further involved in response to cisplatin by interfering with DNA repair. Enhanced response to cisplatin after VIRMA knockdown was related to significant increase in DNA damage (with higher Gamma-H2AX and Negative growth regulatory protein MyD118 (GADD45B) levels) and downregulation of XLF and MRE11.
Responsed Disease Germ cell tumour of testis ICD-11: 2C80.2
Target Regulator Protein virilizer homolog (VIRMA) WRITER
Target Regulation Down regulation
In-vitro Model 2102EP Embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_C522
NCC-IT Testicular embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1451
NT2 Malignant neoplasms Mus musculus CVCL_JA57
TCam-2 Testicular seminoma Homo sapiens CVCL_T012
Non-homologous end-joining factor 1 (NHEJ1/XLF)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [10]
Response Summary VIRMA has an oncogenic role in germ cell tumor confirming our previous tissue-based study and is further involved in response to cisplatin by interfering with DNA repair. Enhanced response to cisplatin after VIRMA knockdown was related to significant increase in DNA damage (with higher Gamma-H2AX and GADD45B levels) and downregulation of Non-homologous end-joining factor 1 (NHEJ1/XLF) and MRE11.
Responsed Disease Germ cell tumour of testis ICD-11: 2C80.2
Target Regulator Protein virilizer homolog (VIRMA) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
In-vitro Model 2102EP Embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_C522
NCC-IT Testicular embryonal carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1451
NT2 Malignant neoplasms Mus musculus CVCL_JA57
TCam-2 Testicular seminoma Homo sapiens CVCL_T012
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [2]
Response Summary YTHDF1 deficiency inhibits Non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation through regulating the translational efficiency of CDK2, CDK4, p27, and cyclin D1, and that YTHDF1 depletion restrains de novo lung adenocarcinomas (ADC) progression. Mechanistic studies identified the Keap1-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2)-AKR1C1 axis as the downstream mediator of YTHDF1. YTHDF1 high expression correlates with better clinical outcome, with its depletion rendering cancerous cells resistant to cisplatin (DDP) treatment.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response Chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species hsa05208
Cell cycle hsa04110
Cell Process Biological regulation
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
A549-DDP (Human lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to cisplatin)
GLC-82 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3371
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H1975 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1511
HEK293T Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_0063
NCI-H1650 Minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1483
NCI-H838 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1594
SPC-A1 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6955
In-vivo Model Mice were treated via nasal inhalation of adenovirus carrying Cre recombinase (5 × 106 p.f.u for Ad-Cre, Biowit Inc., Shenzhen, Guangdong), and were then killed at indicated times for gross inspection and histopathological examination.
Pyruvate kinase PKM (PKM2/PKM)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [15]
Response Summary ZC3H13 overexpression sensitized to cisplatin and weakened metabolism reprogramming of HCC cells, ZC3H13-induced m6A modified patterns substantially abolished Pyruvate kinase PKM (PKM2/PKM) mRNA stability.
Responsed Disease Hepatocellular carcinoma ICD-11: 2C12.02
Target Regulator Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 13 (ZC3H13) WRITER
Target Regulation Down regulation
Pathway Response Central carbon metabolism in cancer hsa05230
Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis hsa00010
Cell Process Glycolysis
In-vitro Model SMMC-7721 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0534
Huh-7 Adult hepatocellular carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0336
Hep-G2 Hepatoblastoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0027
Hep 3B2.1-7 Childhood hepatocellular carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0326
Rho GTPase activating protein 5 (ARHGAP5)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [16]
Response Summary ARHGAP5-AS1 also stabilized ARHGAP5 mRNA in the cytoplasm by recruiting METTL3 to stimulate m6A modification of Rho GTPase activating protein 5 (ARHGAP5) mRNA. As a result, ARHGAP5 was upregulated to promote chemoresistance and its upregulation was also associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. downregulation of ARHGAP5-AS1 in resistant cells evidently reversed the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs including cisplatin (DDP), ADM, and 5-FU.
Responsed Disease Gastric cancer ICD-11: 2B72
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Autophagy hsa04140
Cell Process Cellular Processes
Transport and catabolism
In-vitro Model BGC-823 Gastric carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_3360
SGC-7901 Gastric carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0520
Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 (ULK1/ATG1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [17]
Response Summary Knockdown of FTO reversed cisplatin resistance of SGC-7901/DDP cells both in vitro and in vivo, which was attributed to the inhibition of Serine/threonine-protein kinase ULK1 (ULK1)-mediated autophagy. These findings indicate that the FTO/ULK1 axis exerts crucial roles in cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer.
Responsed Disease Gastric cancer ICD-11: 2B72
Target Regulator Fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) ERASER
Target Regulation Up regulation
In-vitro Model GES-1 Normal Homo sapiens CVCL_EQ22
SGC-7901 Gastric carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0520
In-vivo Model A total of 5 × 106 cells in 200 ul PBS were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of nude mice. After injection, cisplatin treatment was initiated on day 5. Mice were injected with 5 mg/kg cisplatin or PBS solution in the abdominal cavity once a week for 3?weeks.
Solute carrier family 12 member 1 (SLC12A1)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [12]
Response Summary m6A plays an important role in cisplatin induced acute kidney injury and berberine alleviates this process. Cisplatin induced an increase in Solute carrier family 12 member 1 (SLC12A1) protein levels and a decrease in FGA and Havcr1 protein levels. However, berberine pretreatment reversed these effects.
Responsed Disease Acute kidney failure ICD-11: GB60
Cell Process Metabolic processes
Cell death
Cell apoptosis
In-vivo Model This study investigated the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylome of kidneys from three mouse groups: C57 mice (controls), those with CI-AKI (injury group, IG), and those pretreated with berberine (treatment group, TG).
Transcription factor AP-2 gamma (TFAP2C)
In total 2 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [18]
Response Summary METTL3 potentiates resistance to cisplatin through m6A modification of Transcription factor AP-2 gamma (TFAP2C) in seminoma. Enhanced stability of TFAP2C mRNA promoted seminoma cell survival under cisplatin treatment burden probably through up-regulation of DNA repair-related genes. IGF2BP1 binds to TFAP2C and enhances TFAP2C mRNA stability.
Responsed Disease Testicular cancer ICD-11: 2C80
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Nucleotide excision repair hsa03420
Cell Process DNA repair
In-vitro Model TCam-2 Testicular seminoma Homo sapiens CVCL_T012
In-vivo Model Male mice were subcutaneously injected with tumour cells near the limbs to establish xenografts (1 × 106/mouse, 0.2 mL for each injection site; METTL3-overexpressing TCam-2/CDDP cells were inoculated once at the initial time and IGF2BP1-inhibited TCam-2/CDDP cells were inoculated every 3 days).
Experiment 2 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [18]
Response Summary METTL3 potentiates resistance to cisplatin through m6A modification of Transcription factor AP-2 gamma (TFAP2C) in seminoma. Enhanced stability of TFAP2C mRNA promoted seminoma cell survival under cisplatin treatment burden probably through up-regulation of DNA repair-related genes. IGF2BP1 binds to TFAP2C and enhances TFAP2C mRNA stability.
Responsed Disease Testicular cancer ICD-11: 2C80
Target Regulator Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Nucleotide excision repair hsa03420
Cell Process DNA repair
In-vitro Model TCam-2 Testicular seminoma Homo sapiens CVCL_T012
In-vivo Model Male mice were subcutaneously injected with tumour cells near the limbs to establish xenografts (1 × 106/mouse, 0.2 mL for each injection site; METTL3-overexpressing TCam-2/CDDP cells were inoculated once at the initial time and IGF2BP1-inhibited TCam-2/CDDP cells were inoculated every 3 days).
Transcription factor E2F8 (E2F8)
In total 2 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [19]
Response Summary In breast cancer, accordingly YTHDF1 knockdown sensitizes breast cancer cells to Adriamycin and Cisplatin as well as Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor. Transcription factor E2F8 (E2F8) is a target molecule by YTHDF1 which modulates E2F8 mRNA stability and DNA damage repair in a METTL14-dependent manner.
Responsed Disease Breast cancer ICD-11: 2C60
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Nucleotide excision repair hsa03420
Cell Process RNA stability
In-vitro Model MDA-MB-231 Breast adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0062
MCF-7 Invasive breast carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0031
Hs 578T Invasive breast carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0332
In-vivo Model 1×106 MDA-MB-231 cells were resuspended in 100 uL PBS with 50% Matrigel (Corning Costar, USA), and injected into the mammary fat pad of the mice.
Experiment 2 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [19]
Response Summary In breast cancer, accordingly YTHDF1 knockdown sensitizes breast cancer cells to Adriamycin and Cisplatin as well as Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor. Transcription factor E2F8 (E2F8) is a target molecule by YTHDF1 which modulates E2F8 mRNA stability and DNA damage repair in a METTL14-dependent manner.
Responsed Disease Breast cancer ICD-11: 2C60
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Nucleotide excision repair hsa03420
Cell Process RNA stability
In-vitro Model MDA-MB-231 Breast adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0062
MCF-7 Invasive breast carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0031
Hs 578T Invasive breast carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0332
In-vivo Model 1×106 MDA-MB-231 cells were resuspended in 100 uL PBS with 50% Matrigel (Corning Costar, USA), and injected into the mammary fat pad of the mice.
Transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (YAP1)
In total 3 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-miR-1914-3p-Transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (YAP1) axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Experiment 2 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-miR-1914-3p-Transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (YAP1) axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 3 (YTHDF3) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Experiment 3 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-miR-1914-3p-Transcriptional coactivator YAP1 (YAP1) axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 (TRIM29)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [21]
Response Summary m6A-YTHDF1-mediated Tripartite motif-containing protein 29 (TRIM29) upregulation facilitates the stem cell-like phenotype of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. TRIM29 acts as an oncogene to promote the CSC-like features of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer in an m6A-YTHDF1-dependent manner.
Responsed Disease Ovarian cancer ICD-11: 2C73
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Cell Process Ectopic expression
In-vitro Model A2780 Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0134
SK-OV-3 Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0532
In-vivo Model The specified number of viable SKOV3/DDP cells and SKOV3/DDP cells with TRIM29 knock down were resuspended in 100 uL PBS, injected subcutaneously under the left and right back of 4-week old nude mice respectively (n = 3 per group).
Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (JAK2)
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [22]
Response Summary The ALKBH5-HOXA10 loop jointly activates the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway by mediating Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2 (JAK2) m6A demethylation, promoting epithelial ovarian cancer resistance to cisplatin.
Responsed Disease Malignant mixed epithelial mesenchymal tumour of ovary ICD-11: 2B5D.0
Target Regulator RNA demethylase ALKBH5 (ALKBH5) ERASER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response JAK-STAT signaling pathway hsa04630
In-vitro Model HO8910-DDP (HO8910 underwent continuous stepwise exposure to increasing concentrations of cisplatin to create the cisplatin-resistant cell lines HO8910-DDP)
HO-8910 Endocervical adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_6868
A2780-DDP (A2780 underwent continuous stepwise exposure to increasing concentrations of cisplatin to create the cisplatin-resistant cell line)
A2780 Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0134
In-vivo Model About 5× 106 cells were injected subcutaneously into the axilla of the female athymic BALB/C nude mice (4 week-old, 18-20?g). When the average tumor size reached approximately 100mm3 (after 1 week), mice were then randomized into two groups and treated with cisplatin (5 mg/kg) or normal saline (NS) weekly.
Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)
In total 4 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 3 (YTHDF3) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Experiment 2 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Experiment 3 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Experiment 4 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [23]
Response Summary This study highlighted METTL3 as a tumor promoter in Thymic tumors and c-MYC as a promising target to be exploited for the treatment of TET. High expression of c-MYC protein is enabled by lncRNA Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), which is methylated and delocalized by METTL3. Silencing of METTL3 combined with cisplatin or c-MYC inhibitor induces cell death in TET cells. Blocking of c-MYC by using JQ1 inhibitor cooperates with METTL3 depletion in the inhibition of proliferation and induction of cell death.
Responsed Disease Thymic epithelial tumors ICD-11: 2C27.Y
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Cellular senescence hsa04218
Cell Process Cell viability and proliferation
In-vitro Model T1889 Thymic undifferentiated carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_D024
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [24]
Response Summary m6A RNA methylation-mediated RMRP stability renders proliferation and progression of non-small cell lung cancer through regulating TGFBR1/SMAD2/SMAD3 pathway. RMRP promoted the cancer stem cells properties and epithelial mesenchymal transition, which promote the resistance to radiation therapy and cisplatin.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Pathway Response Signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells hsa04550
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance hsa01521
Cell Process Epithelial mesenchymal transition
hsa-miR-1914-3p
In total 3 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-hsa-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Experiment 2 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-hsa-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 3 (YTHDF3) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
Experiment 3 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [20]
Response Summary METTL3, YTHDF3, YTHDF1, and eIF3b directly promoted YAP translation through an interaction with the translation initiation machinery. METTL3 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and enhances sensitivity to DDP in vivo.m6A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-hsa-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce Non-small cell lung cancer drug resistance and metastasis.
Responsed Disease Non-small-cell lung carcinoma ICD-11: 2C25.Y
Target Regulator YTH domain-containing family protein 1 (YTHDF1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Hippo signaling pathway hsa04390
Cell Process Metabolic
In-vitro Model A-549 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0023
Calu-6 Lung adenocarcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0236
NCI-H1299 Lung large cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0060
NCI-H520 Lung squamous cell carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1566
In-vivo Model Mice were injected with 5 × 106 lung cancer cells with stably expression of relevant plasmids and randomly divided into two groups (five mice per group) after the diameter of the xenografted tumors had reached approximately 5 mm in diameter. Xenografted mice were then administrated with PBS or DDP (3 mg/kg per day) for three times a week, and tumor volume were measured every second day.
hsa_circ_0008399
In total 3 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [25]
Response Summary Circ0008399 bound WTAP to promote formation of the WTAP/METTL3/METTL14 m6A methyltransferase complex, reduce cisplatin sensitivity in bladder cancer, implicating the potential therapeutic value of targeting this axis.
Responsed Disease Bladder cancer ICD-11: 2C94
Target Regulator Wilms tumor 1-associating protein (WTAP) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Protein export hsa03060
Cell Process Eukaryotic translation
Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model 5637 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0126
RT-4 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0036
UM-UC-3 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1783
In-vivo Model Chose 4-week-old female BALB/c nude mice for tumor xenograft experiments, which randomly were divided into four groups (n = 5 per group). Bladder cancer cells (3 × 106) were subcutaneously injected into the right axilla of the nude mice.
Experiment 2 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [25]
Response Summary Circ0008399 bound WTAP to promote formation of the WTAP/METTL3/METTL14 m6A methyltransferase complex, reduce cisplatin sensitivity in bladder cancer, implicating the potential therapeutic value of targeting this axis.
Responsed Disease Bladder cancer ICD-11: 2C94
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Protein export hsa03060
Cell Process Eukaryotic translation
Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model 5637 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0126
RT-4 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0036
UM-UC-3 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1783
In-vivo Model Chose 4-week-old female BALB/c nude mice for tumor xenograft experiments, which randomly were divided into four groups (n = 5 per group). Bladder cancer cells (3 × 106) were subcutaneously injected into the right axilla of the nude mice.
Experiment 3 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [25]
Response Summary Circ0008399 bound WTAP to promote formation of the WTAP/METTL3/METTL14 m6A methyltransferase complex, reduce cisplatin sensitivity in bladder cancer, implicating the potential therapeutic value of targeting this axis.
Responsed Disease Bladder cancer ICD-11: 2C94
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Protein export hsa03060
Cell Process Eukaryotic translation
Cell apoptosis
In-vitro Model 5637 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0126
RT-4 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0036
UM-UC-3 Bladder carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_1783
In-vivo Model Chose 4-week-old female BALB/c nude mice for tumor xenograft experiments, which randomly were divided into four groups (n = 5 per group). Bladder cancer cells (3 × 106) were subcutaneously injected into the right axilla of the nude mice.
Circ_MAP3K4
In total 1 item(s) under this target gene
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Drug Response by This Target Gene [26]
Response Summary Driven by m6A modification, Circ_MAP3K4 encoded circMAP3K4-455aa, protected HCC cells from cisplatin exposure, and predicted worse prognosis of HCC patients. IGF2BP1 facilitates circMAP3K4 peptide translation, then the circMAP3K4 peptide inhibits AIF cleavage and nuclear distribution
Responsed Disease Hepatocellular carcinoma ICD-11: 2C12.02
Target Regulator Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) READER
Target Regulation Up regulation
Pathway Response Ubiquitin mediated proteolysis hsa04120
Cell Process Proteasome pathway degradation
In-vitro Model Huh-7 Adult hepatocellular carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0336
Hep-G2 Hepatoblastoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0027
PLC/PRF/5 Adult hepatocellular carcinoma Homo sapiens CVCL_0485
References
Ref 1 URL: http://www.guidetopharmacology.org Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Oct 12. pii: gkv1037. The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY in 2016: towards curated quantitative interactions between 1300 protein targets and 6000 ligands. (Ligand id: 5343).
Ref 2 YTHDF1 links hypoxia adaptation and non-small cell lung cancer progression. Nat Commun. 2019 Oct 25;10(1):4892. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12801-6.
Ref 3 TRIM11 facilitates chemoresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the Beta-catenin/ABCC9 axis via p62-selective autophagic degradation of Daple. Oncogenesis. 2020 May 7;9(5):45. doi: 10.1038/s41389-020-0229-9.
Ref 4 The m6A methyltransferase METTL3 regulates autophagy and sensitivity to cisplatin by targeting ATG5 in seminoma. Transl Androl Urol. 2021 Apr;10(4):1711-1722. doi: 10.21037/tau-20-1411.
Ref 5 YTHDF2 interference suppresses the EMT of cervical cancer cells and enhances cisplatin chemosensitivity by regulating AXIN1. Drug Dev Res. 2022 Apr 30. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21942. Online ahead of print.
Ref 6 ALKBH5 Inhibited Cell Proliferation and Sensitized Bladder Cancer Cells to Cisplatin by m6A-CK2Alpha-Mediated Glycolysis. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2020 Oct 22;23:27-41. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.031. eCollection 2021 Mar 5.
Ref 7 Meclofenamic acid promotes cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting fat mass and obesity-associated protein-mediated m(6)A abrogation in RNA. J Biol Chem. 2019 Nov 8;294(45):16908-16917. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.011009. Epub 2019 Oct 2.
Ref 8 YTHDF2 promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and desensitises cisplatin treatment by increasing CDKN1B mRNA degradation. Clin Transl Med. 2022 Jun;12(6):e848. doi: 10.1002/ctm2.848.
Ref 9 Omeprazole improves chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells by m6A demethylase FTO-mediated activation of mTORC1 and DDIT3 up-regulation. Biosci Rep. 2021 Jan 29;41(1):BSR20200842. doi: 10.1042/BSR20200842.
Ref 10 The component of the m(6)A writer complex VIRMA is implicated in aggressive tumor phenotype, DNA damage response and cisplatin resistance in germ cell tumors. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Aug 25;40(1):268. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02072-9.
Ref 11 m6A methyltransferase Wilms' tumor 1-associated protein facilitates cell proliferation and cisplatin resistance in NK/T cell lymphoma by regulating dual-specificity phosphatases 6 expression via m6A RNA methylation. IUBMB Life. 2021 Jan;73(1):108-117. doi: 10.1002/iub.2410. Epub 2020 Nov 17.
Ref 12 Integrated Analysis of m6A Methylome in Cisplatin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Berberine Alleviation in Mouse. Front Genet. 2020 Nov 20;11:584460. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.584460. eCollection 2020.
Ref 13 IGFBP3 Modulates Lung Tumorigenesis and Cell Growth through IGF1 Signaling. Mol Cancer Res. 2017 Jul;15(7):896-904. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-16-0390. Epub 2017 Mar 22.
Ref 14 Targeting YTHDF1 effectively re-sensitizes cisplatin-resistant colon cancer cells by modulating GLS-mediated glutamine metabolism. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2021 Jan 16;20:228-239. doi: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.01.001. eCollection 2021 Mar 26.
Ref 15 ZC3H13 Inhibits the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through m(6)A-PKM2-Mediated Glycolysis and Enhances Chemosensitivity. J Oncol. 2021 Dec 30;2021:1328444. doi: 10.1155/2021/1328444. eCollection 2021.
Ref 16 Impaired autophagic degradation of lncRNA ARHGAP5-AS1 promotes chemoresistance in gastric cancer. Cell Death Dis. 2019 May 16;10(6):383. doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1585-2.
Ref 17 M(6) A demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein regulates cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer by modulating autophagy activation through ULK1. Cancer Sci. 2022 Jun 22. doi: 10.1111/cas.15469. Online ahead of print.
Ref 18 METTL3 potentiates resistance to cisplatin through m(6) A modification of TFAP2C in seminoma. J Cell Mol Med. 2020 Oct;24(19):11366-11380. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15738. Epub 2020 Aug 28.
Ref 19 YTHDF1 promotes breast cancer cell growth, DNA damage repair and chemoresistance. Cell Death Dis. 2022 Mar 12;13(3):230. doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04672-5.
Ref 20 m(6)A mRNA methylation initiated by METTL3 directly promotes YAP translation and increases YAP activity by regulating the MALAT1-miR-1914-3p-YAP axis to induce NSCLC drug resistance and metastasis. J Hematol Oncol. 2019 Dec 9;12(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s13045-019-0830-6.
Ref 21 m6A-YTHDF1-mediated TRIM29 upregulation facilitates the stem cell-like phenotype of cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2021 Jan;1868(1):118878. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118878. Epub 2020 Oct 1.
Ref 22 ALKBH5-HOXA10 loop-mediated JAK2 m6A demethylation and cisplatin resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2021 Sep 8;40(1):284. doi: 10.1186/s13046-021-02088-1.
Ref 23 METTL3-dependent MALAT1 delocalization drives c-Myc induction in thymic epithelial tumors. Clin Epigenetics. 2021 Sep 16;13(1):173. doi: 10.1186/s13148-021-01159-6.
Ref 24 M6A RNA methylation-mediated RMRP stability renders proliferation and progression of non-small cell lung cancer through regulating TGFBR1/SMAD2/SMAD3 pathway. Cell Death Differ. 2021 Oct 9. doi: 10.1038/s41418-021-00888-8. Online ahead of print.
Ref 25 Circ0008399 Interaction with WTAP Promotes Assembly and Activity of the m(6)A Methyltransferase Complex and Promotes Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancer. Cancer Res. 2021 Dec 15;81(24):6142-6156. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-1518. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
Ref 26 A novel peptide encoded by N6-methyladenosine modified circMAP3K4 prevents apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer. 2022 Apr 2;21(1):93. doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01537-5.