General Information of the m6A Target Gene (ID: M6ATAR00459)
Target Name Circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput (CLOCK)
Synonyms
hCLOCK; Class E basic helix-loop-helix protein 8; bHLHe8; BHLHE8; KIAA0334
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Gene Name CLOCK
Function
Transcriptional activator which forms a core component of the circadian clock. The circadian clock, an internal time-keeping system, regulates various physiological processes through the generation of approximately 24 hour circadian rhythms in gene expression, which are translated into rhythms in metabolism and behavior. It is derived from the Latin roots 'circa' (about) and 'diem' (day) and acts as an important regulator of a wide array of physiological functions including metabolism, sleep, body temperature, blood pressure, endocrine, immune, cardiovascular, and renal function. Consists of two major components: the central clock, residing in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain, and the peripheral clocks that are present in nearly every tissue and organ system. Both the central and peripheral clocks can be reset by environmental cues, also known as Zeitgebers (German for 'timegivers'). The predominant Zeitgeber for the central clock is light, which is sensed by retina and signals directly to the SCN. The central clock entrains the peripheral clocks through neuronal and hormonal signals, body temperature and feeding-related cues, aligning all clocks with the external light/dark cycle. Circadian rhythms allow an organism to achieve temporal homeostasis with its environment at the molecular level by regulating gene expression to create a peak of protein expression once every 24 hours to control when a particular physiological process is most active with respect to the solar day. Transcription and translation of core clock components (CLOCK, NPAS2, ARNTL/BMAL1, ARNTL2/BMAL2, PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY1 and CRY2) plays a critical role in rhythm generation, whereas delays imposed by post-translational modifications (PTMs) are important for determining the period (tau) of the rhythms (tau refers to the period of a rhythm and is the length, in time, of one complete cycle). A diurnal rhythm is synchronized with the day/night cycle, while the ultradian and infradian rhythms have a period shorter and longer than 24 hours, respectively. Disruptions in the circadian rhythms contribute to the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, metabolic syndromes and aging. A transcription/translation feedback loop (TTFL) forms the core of the molecular circadian clock mechanism. Transcription factors, CLOCK or NPAS2 and ARNTL/BMAL1 or ARNTL2/BMAL2, form the positive limb of the feedback loop, act in the form of a heterodimer and activate the transcription of core clock genes and clock-controlled genes (involved in key metabolic processes), harboring E-box elements (5'-CACGTG-3') within their promoters. The core clock genes: PER1/2/3 and CRY1/2 which are transcriptional repressors form the negative limb of the feedback loop and interact with the CLOCK|NPAS2-ARNTL/BMAL1|ARNTL2/BMAL2 heterodimer inhibiting its activity and thereby negatively regulating their own expression. This heterodimer also activates nuclear receptors NR1D1/2 and RORA/B/G, which form a second feedback loop and which activate and repress ARNTL/BMAL1 transcription, respectively. Regulates the circadian expression of ICAM1, VCAM1, CCL2, THPO and MPL and also acts as an enhancer of the transactivation potential of NF-kappaB. Plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. The CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer regulates the circadian expression of SERPINE1/PAI1, VWF, B3, CCRN4L/NOC, NAMPT, DBP, MYOD1, PPARGC1A, PPARGC1B, SIRT1, GYS2, F7, NGFR, GNRHR, BHLHE40/DEC1, ATF4, MTA1, KLF10 and also genes implicated in glucose and lipid metabolism. Promotes rhythmic chromatin opening, regulating the DNA accessibility of other transcription factors. The CLOCK-ARNTL2/BMAL2 heterodimer activates the transcription of SERPINE1/PAI1 and BHLHE40/DEC1. The preferred binding motif for the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer is 5'-CACGTGA-3', which contains a flanking Ala residue in addition to the canonical 6-nucleotide E-box sequence . CLOCK specifically binds to the half-site 5'-CAC-3', while ARNTL binds to the half-site 5'-GTGA-3'. The CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer also recognizes the non-canonical E-box motifs 5'-AACGTGA-3' and 5'-CATGTGA-3'. CLOCK has an intrinsic acetyltransferase activity, which enables circadian chromatin remodeling by acetylating histones and nonhistone proteins, including its own partner ARNTL/BMAL1. Represses glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1/GR-induced transcriptional activity by reducing the association of NR3C1/GR to glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) via the acetylation of multiple lysine residues located in its hinge region. The acetyltransferase activity of CLOCK is as important as its transcription activity in circadian control. Acetylates metabolic enzymes IMPDH2 and NDUFA9 in a circadian manner. Facilitated by BMAL1, rhythmically interacts and acetylates argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) leading to enzymatic inhibition of ASS1 as well as the circadian oscillation of arginine biosynthesis and subsequent ureagenesis. Drives the circadian rhythm of blood pressure through transcriptional activation of ATP1B1 (By similarity).
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Gene ID 9575
Uniprot ID
CLOCK_HUMAN
HGNC ID
HGNC:2082
Ensembl Gene ID
ENSG00000134852
KEGG ID
hsa:9575
Full List of m6A Methylation Regulator of This Target Gene and Corresponding Disease/Drug Response(s)
CLOCK can be regulated by the following regulator(s), and cause disease/drug response(s). You can browse detail information of regulator(s) or disease/drug response(s).
Browse Regulator
Browse Disease
Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) [WRITER]
Representative RNA-seq result indicating the expression of this target gene regulated by METTL3
Cell Line Caco-2 cell line Homo sapiens
Treatment: shMETTL3 Caco-2 cells
Control: shNTC Caco-2 cells
GSE167075
Regulation
logFC: 6.28E-01
p-value: 1.95E-19
More Results Click to View More RNA-seq Results
In total 1 item(s) under this regulator
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A Methylation Regulator of This Target Gene [1]
Response Summary Liver-specific Mettl3 knockout mice exhibited global decrease in m6A on polyadenylated RNAs and pathologic features associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies in the M3LKO model indicated that METTL3 exhibits pleotropic function to maintain liver homeostasis by deregulating m6A profile and expression of the liver transcriptome. A significant decrease in total Bmal1 and Circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput (CLOCK) mRNAs but an increase in their nuclear levels were observed in M3LKO livers, suggesting impaired nuclear export.
Target Regulation Up regulation
Responsed Disease Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ICD-11: DB92
In-vivo Model M3LKO (Mettl3fl/fl; Alb-Cre) mice were generated by crossing Mettl3fl/fl mice (provided by Dr. Jacob Hanna) with albumin-Cre mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME), and genotypes were confirmed by tail-DNA PCR using primers as previously described.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [ICD-11: DB92]
In total 1 item(s) under this disease
Experiment 1 Reporting the m6A-centered Disease Response [1]
Response Summary Liver-specific Mettl3 knockout mice exhibited global decrease in m6A on polyadenylated RNAs and pathologic features associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Studies in the M3LKO model indicated that METTL3 exhibits pleotropic function to maintain liver homeostasis by deregulating m6A profile and expression of the liver transcriptome. A significant decrease in total Bmal1 and Circadian locomoter output cycles protein kaput (CLOCK) mRNAs but an increase in their nuclear levels were observed in M3LKO livers, suggesting impaired nuclear export.
Responsed Disease Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [ICD-11: DB92]
Target Regulator Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) WRITER
Target Regulation Up regulation
In-vivo Model M3LKO (Mettl3fl/fl; Alb-Cre) mice were generated by crossing Mettl3fl/fl mice (provided by Dr. Jacob Hanna) with albumin-Cre mice (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME), and genotypes were confirmed by tail-DNA PCR using primers as previously described.
References
Ref 1 METTL3 Regulates Liver Homeostasis, Hepatocyte Ploidy, and Circadian Rhythm-Controlled Gene Expression in Mice. Am J Pathol. 2022 Jan;192(1):56-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.09.005. Epub 2021 Sep 29.